tl;dr: Memoization can be associated with the ConditionalWeakTable class, which allows the addition of memoized computation results to immutable types. This makes the memoized results live as long as the instances that was used to create it.

In the first part of this article, we discussed a bit the Memoization pattern in C#. In this second part, we will discuss how to alleviate the memory management issue for memoized computation results.

ConditionalWeakDictionary to the rescue

In .NET 4.0 – quite a while ago now – a new class was added, the ConditionalWeakTable, to help in the creation of dynamic languages based on the DLR, where there was a need to be able to attach data to existing type instances, much like a fictional extension property could be. This topic is not covered much, and since it has to do with the GC, it is often misunderstood.

The idea is pretty simple: It is a dictionary that takes an type instance as a key, and a value associated to it. The key is stored as a weak reference, meaning that the data is held as a hard-reference as long as the key lives. When the key is collected by the GC, the hard-link is removed, making the data available for collection if it’s not referenced anywhere else.

Here’s how to use it:

More...

TL;DR: Immutable data and memoization are functional programming concepts that can be applied to C# programming. These patterns have their strengths and weaknesses, discussed a bit in this article. 

I’ve grown to not being a great fan a data mutability.

Data mutability can introduce a lot of side effects in the code, and it can be pretty complex to go back in time to know what a specific state was before the code failed. This gets worse when multiple threads are involved, and that tends to happen a lot more these days, now that even phones have multiple cores.

Sure, we can use IntelliTrace to ease that kind of debugging, but that’s pretty much limited to issues you already know about. That means you’re reacting to issues that already happened, you’re not proactively preventing those issues from happening.

So, to address this more reliably, there’s the concept of immutability. When a set of data is built, it cannot change anymore. This means that you can pass it around, do computation with it, use it any place you want, there’s not going to be any subtle concurrency issues because the data changed under your feet.

More...

TL;DR: C# 5.0 async/await does not include the implicit support for cancellation, and needs to pass CancellationToken instances to every async method. F# and the Reactive Extensions offer solutions to this problem, with both implicit and explicit support for cancellation.

My development style has slowly shifted to a more functional approach, during the past year. I’ve been peeking a F# for a while and that shift to a more functional mindset in C# lends me toward understanding a lot better the concepts behind core features of F#, and more specifically the async “support” in F#.

It’s known that F# inspired a lot the implementation of C# async, but having looked at the way it’s been implemented in F# gives me some more points against the “unfinished” implementation in C#.

Recently, now that people are effectively using async, in real-world scenarios, problems are starting to bubble up, and some to giggle. Async void, async void lambdas, the fact that continuations run mostly on the UI thread when not taken care of properly, obscure exception handling scenarios, the “magic” relation to the SynchronizationContext, that it does not address parallelism, and one that’s been pretty low-key, cancellation.

More...

TL;DR: Using an upgraded (and fixed) Parallel Build Process Template allows to use multiple TFS2012 build agents simultaneously, which can be more than welcome when building metro apps that target all three supported platforms. A build that took 11 minutes can go down to 3.5 minutes.

Download the Parallel Build Process Template for TFS2012 here.

CI is a wonderful feature, especially when associated with Gated Checkins.

You’re certain that what’s in your source control is in line with your build definition and constraints, and that there is always a binary that respects a minimum set of rules. This does not ensure that your app is bug free, but still, that’s a minimum.

Build time matters

The downside of this validation is that there cannot be multiple builds running at the same time. This can become a bottleneck when multiple developers checkin within the duration of a single build run.

This means that the longer your build gets, the longer a developer might wait for its task completion because of a long build queue, and increase its task switching cost. If a build fails, the developer needs to unshelve its changes, make the necessary adjustments, then check-in again.

Below 4 minutes of build time, this stays in the acceptable range where the developer’s task context may not be lost if the build fails.

More...

TL;DR: Writing Xaml/C++ attached properties sometimes gives a 30% improvement over the C# version, which can be caused by the use of events. This article shows code sample for both versions.

Since it is possible to write a XAML application entirely in C++/CX, I decided to give a try to the performance of some simple code.

There is, after all, some marshaling involved when communicating from C# to native code, particularly with events.

The ImageDecodeSizeBehavior

WinRT’s BitmapImage class supports, as does WPF and Silverlight, the DecodePixelWidth and DecodePixelHeight properties.

These are very useful properties that forces the memory surface to store the image to fit a certain size, and avoid the waste of memory induced by large downscaled images. This is a very common performance issue for applications that display variable sized images, where the memory can grow very quickly.

More...

TL;DR: Expanding data-bound item templates in Xaml/WinRT in Windows 8 is about a hundred times slower than with Xaml/WPF. This article details how this was measured and a possible explanation.

In Windows 8, Microsoft has a introduced a whole new Xaml stack, codenamed Jupiter, completely re-written to be native only.

This allows the creation of Xaml controls using C++ as well as C#.

I will not discuss the philosophical choice of ditching managed WPF in favor of a native rewrite, but make a simple comparison of the performance between the two.

Template Expansion Performance

I worked on a project that had performance issues for a UI-Virtualized control, where the initial binding of data as well as the realization of item templates, was having a significant impact on the fluidity of the scrolling of a GridView control.

To isolate this, I created a simple UI: More...

tl;dr: JavaScript can call C# code in Metro apps, and allows for C# code to observe notifications coming from JavaScript, using the Reactive Extensions grammar.

Javascript is (almost) everywhere, literally.

Not in everyone's minds though, which is only around 7% according to the PYPL index.

Yet, Microsoft is pushing a lot on that front, particularly in Metro apps where the documentation shows JavaScript examples first. Subjectively, I’m not a big fan of the decision, because it pushes us back a few years and not simply because of the language, but because state of the full JavaScript ecosystem, compared to the .NET counterpart.

More...

In Windows Phone 8, things got better of the front of reading the file system. It’s actually gotten closer to the Windows 8 with the inclusion of WinRT, and it now possible to read the content of files that were pretty hard (or impossible) to access directly before.

Reading the app package content files

There are some times when you need to access the content of the xap directly, and in Windows Phone 7, you were pretty limited to the use of the IsolatedStorage, but really did not have access to the content of the Xap, except for some location such as images or XmlDocument and the SQL CE engine using the appdata:/ scheme.

Things have changed in Windows Phone 8, and here’s how to read the WMAppManifest.xml file by yourself :

More...

tl;dr: The Bindable attribute can be placed on standard C# classes in Metro Apps to make them appear in the generated IXamlMetadataProvider class, to create static metadata. This technique allows for a 10% increase in data-binding performance over reflection based binding, but also adds a temporary cost in JITting, until Windows generates native images 24 hours later.

Databinding in WPF/WinRT is very easy to use. Just put the name of the field you want to bind, set the DataContext, and voila, it is displayed on screen. Yet, this is a tricky feature under the hood. It relies on the presence of an arbitrary string that may exist in the current DataContext to get the data to be displayed.

In WPF and Silverlight, this is fairly easy to do because everything is in managed code. Resolving that data member was performed using a bit of type Reflection, where the string "{Binding SomeValue}" would result in a sequence of Type.GetProperty to get a PropertyInfo instance, then call GetValue to get the actual value.

But in WinRT, all this is a lot different, mainly because WinRT is purely native and there is no reflection or metadata there.

More...

TL;DR: The JIT can take over a third of the startup time of a managed Metro App, and using Native Image Generation (NGEN) can greatly improve the startup time of these apps. There is also a way to check for these native images to act accordingly.

A while back, I’ve had the chance to work with the guys that are behind the Pre-JIT feature of the CLR 4.5 for Metro Apps. Back then, I was only able to work on x86/x64 architectures, as ARM/Windows RT devices were not available.

Now that the Surface RT devices are available, we’re facing quite a few challenges in terms of code execution performance, and I’m going to discuss a few tips and tricks about the Managed Code JIT on Windows RT.

Profiling a slow starting app on a Surface RT

Running apps on the Surface can be troubling. Having an app that is useable after 16 to 18 seconds is definitely not acceptable, let alone the fact that the Splash Screen can disappear after 6 to 8 seconds.

Profiling such an app that starts slowly is very interesting, when looking a the Visual Studio profiler, where during these 17 seconds, about a third is spent in a “clr.dll” module in exclusive time (time spent only in this module and not its descendants). This is a very big number.

This time is actually spent in the JIT, where big methods tend to take more time to be JITed, sometimes on the UI thread, making the app sluggish.

More...